GEOGRAPHY 

tJXCanual of 

EUROPE 




AS DEFINED BY 



^he treaty of "Versailles 




G EOGRAPHY 

x „ MANUAL OF A 

EUROPE 



AS DEFINED BY 



The Treaty of Versailles 

BY 

JOHN WARREN BALL 



Author of 
"a Biology", "Psychology Made Plain", Etc. 



SECOND REVISED EDITION 



BALL PUBLISHING COMPANY 

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK 

Copyright 1921 by Ball Publishing Company 



EUROPE'S PRESENT STATUS 

New countries made or governments fall as a result of the 

World War , 

1. Germany A Republic — Friedrich Ebert. President u - 

Term 7 Years) 

Austria A Republic — Dr. Michael Hainisch, President 

3. Hungary A Republic — A President ? 

4. Russia A Republic ? — Governed by a Solviet Cabinet 

5. Czecho-Slovakia A Republic — Thomas G. Masaryk, President 

6. Poland A Republic — Joseph Pilsudski, President 

Finland A Republic — K J. Stahlberg, President (6 Years) 

.~ugo-Slavia A Monarchy — Crown Prince Alexander 

9. Portugal A Republic — A President Term 4 Years 

10. East Prussia — East Prussia have voted to remain 

in Germany. July 11, 1920 

11. Luxemburg A Queen — Charlotte, Grand Duchess 

1 2. Albania ( Undetermined ) 

13. Greece A King — King Constantine 

14. Bulgaria A Czar — Boris III Czar. Son of Ferdinand 



COUNTRIES WHOSE GOVERNMENTS 
HAVE NOT CHANGED 

1. Great Britain A King — George V, Son of Edward VII 

2. France A Republic — President Alexandre Millerand 

3. Italy A King — Victor Emanuel III, Son of Hubert I 

4. Belgium A King— Albert. Nephew of Leopold II 

5. Rumania A King — Ferdinand I. Nephew of King Carol 

6. Spain A King — Alphonso XIII, Son of Alphonso XII 

7. Denmark. .. A King— Christian X, Son of Frederick VIII 

8. A King— Haakon VTI, Son of Frederick VIII 

of Denmark 

9. Sweden A King — Gustave V. Son of Oscar II 

B Hand A Qu^:. — "•'."ilhelmina. Daughter of William III 

11. -.and A Republic — President. (Term 1 Year; 

1 E:— Have a committee of four pupils in your school appointed by you to 
keep this page up-to-date. 

Copyritiit 3V21 by i □ ?any 



THE NEW EUROPE 

Polnica! Gc c graphy 



COUNTRIES IN EUROPE 



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SPAIN 
Bound Spain — Spain is bounded on the north by France and Bay of Biscay, 
east and south by Mediterranean sea; on the west by Atlantic ocean and 
Portugal. Spain remained neutral throughout the war. 

PORTUGAL 

No change. One of the Allies. 

Bound Portugal — Portugal is bounded on the north and east by Spain; south 
and west by Atlantic ocean. 

ITALY 

The boundary line of Italy has been changed on the north and northeast. 
The Tyrol is ceded from Austria to Italy and Coastland, of which Trieste is a 
part from Austria and becomes Italy's own. Fiume must serve as the outlet 
of the commerce, not of Italy, but of the land to the north and northeast of 
that port. It has been declared a free state. 

(l) Trentino (Tyrol) to Italy from Austria, (2) Gorizia and Istria (Coastland) 
Italy from Austria, (3) City of Fiume an independent state, (4) Three or four 
small islands off Dalmatia coast to Italy, (5) The large island, Zara, one of the 
Dalmatia islands to Italy, (6) Saseno island off Albania to Italy, (7) The island of 
Rhodes off Asiatic Turkey to be occupied by Italy, plebiscite after 15 years, (8) 
Kastelorizo island off Asiatic Turkey to Italy. 

The Tyrol (tirol) covers 11,325 square miles, and is divided into three large 
villages separated by mountain ranges. The loftiest peaks, many of them in 
the region of perpetual snow, are in the Tyrol. The Brenner pass, the lowest 
of the great passes of the Alps is near the center of the province, and on the 
line of travel between Italy and the countries north. The people in the north 
are German Tyrolese and in the south Italian Tyrolese. They are very patriotic. 

The population of Italy is now estimated at 37,000,000. 

Bound Italy — Italy is bounded on the north by Switzerland and Austria, on 
the east by Jugo-Slavia and the Adriatic sea, south by Mediterranean sea, west 
by France and Tyrrhenian sea. The Julian Alps form its north-western bound- 
ary line between Jugo-Slavia and Italy. 

DENMARK 

This country remained neutral throughout the World war. But the frontier 
between Germany and Denmark will be fixed by the self-determination of the 
population. Thus Schleswig-Holstein, which was taken from Denmark by Ger- 
many, may vote to be restored to Denmark. — Later, Schleswig has voted to be 
returned to Denmark and Holstein to Germany. 

In 1864 the Duchies of Schleswig, of Lauenburg, and Holstein were taken 
from Denmark after sheer aggression by Germany and Austria in alliance. The 
northern half of Schleswig is populated by Danes. The southern half by Danes 
and Germans. Holstein is populated almost entirely by Germans. 

Bound Denmark — Denmark is hounded on the north by Kagerrack, east by 
the Kattagat and Baltic sea, south by Germany and west by the North sea. 

GERMANY 

The northern boundary of Germany is not effected in the new map of Europe 
except as stated under Denmark. Germany must demolish Heligoland (see small 
island north of Germany) and she must open the Kiel canal to all nations and 
surrender her 14 submarine cables. Thus is Germany effected in the north. 

The western boundary of Germany is effected by the surrender to France of 
Alsace-Lorraine, and some Rhenish territory ceded to Belgium, also by the 
surrender to France of the Saar valley basin in which are the coal mines ceded 
to France. In no other way does the new man of Europe show that Germany's 
western boundary is effected by the Peace Treaty. For 33 miles east of the 
Rhine, running from Holland on the north to Switzerland on the south, Ger- 
many must destroy all forts and fortifications of all kinds. 

The southern boundary of Germany is not effected by the new map of 
Europe. 

The eastern boundary of Germany is effected as a result of the war and the 
Treaty of Peace. Let us study the present or new eastern boundary line of 
Germany: Poland becomes a republic; Danzig, at the mouth of the Vistula on 
the Baltic, is internationalized, and all of West Prussia, with parts of Silesia and 
Posen, 27,686 square miles, go to Poland. Hence the eastern boundary of Ger- 
many is Poland, and a new republic formed out of Austrian territory, ca'lled 
Czechoslovakia. The other boundaries of Germany remain the same as before 
the World war. 



In reviewing the above we have the following: German territory lost to 
France (Alsace-Lorraine) 5,605 sq. miles; German territory lost to Denmark 
(Schleswig) 1,533 sq. miles; German territory lost to Belgium, 382 sq. miles; 
German territory lost to Memel, 965 sq. miles; German territory lost to Danzig, 
579 sq. miles; German territory lost to Poland, 17,750 sq. miles and German ter- 
ritory in the plebiscite areas 11,900 sq. miles; German territory (Saar Valley) 
738 sq. miles, governed by the League of Nations; Germany retains East Prussia, 
Eastern Galicia, plebiscite in 1944. 

The present Germany's population is over 60,000,000, and the area is 169,827 
sq. miles. 

AUSTRO-HUNGARY 

There is no Austro-Hungary any more. Modern Austria's western boundary 
remains — Switzerland — and Austria still touches Germany on her northern 
boundary. But a new republic has been formed out of her territory in the north. 
It is known on the new map of Europe as Czecho-Slovakia. From a part of 
Hungary's northern territory a part goes to Poland. Nearly one-third of Hun- 
gary's whole territory is ceded to Rumania. Then again on the south, another 
new monarchy is formed from Austro-Hungary territory. It is named Jugo- 
slavia on the new map. We have also stated under Italy, of that country re- 
ceiving from Austria Trentino and Gorizia-Istria. 

Bound Austria — Austria is bounded on the north by Germany and Czecho- 
slovakia, east by Hungary, south by Jugo-Slavia and Italy; west by Switzerland. 

Bound Hungary — Bounded on the north by Czecho-Slovakia; east by 
Rumania; south by Rumania, and Jugo-Slavia; west by Austria. 

What Hungary lost by the war: (l) In the west, she lost the Odenburg 
district to Austria. In the south she lost, Slovonia, Croatia and part of Banat, 
this to Jugo-Slavia. In the east, she lost Transylvania and part of Banat to 
Rumania. In the north, she lost Slovakia and Carpathian Russia to Czecho- 
slovakia. The capital of Hungary is Budapest. 



NEW MAP OF CENTRAL EUROPE 




This new map of Central Europe appeared in the Literary Digest a few days 

after the French, English and Belgian armies invaded German territory 

(March 8, 1921) to collect the war indemnity 



RUMANIA 

By the terms of the new Peace Treaty Rumania's territory has more than 
doubled. Of Russian territory she goes on the east to the Dniested river, on 
the west all of the Transylvania is hers, on the south to the Danube river. 
Rumania entered the war on the side of the Allies August 27, 1916. . 

Area, 122,282 sq. miles ; population, 17,393,149. 

Bound Rumania — Rumania is bounded on the north by Czecho-Slovakia, and 
Poland; on the east by Russia and Black sea; on the south by Bulgaria; and 
on the west by Hungary and Jugo-Slavia and Czecho-Slovakia. 

What Rumania gained by the World war: On the west she added Tran- 
sylvania and a part of Banat; on the north she added Bukowina from Austro- 
Hungary; on the east she added Bessarabia gained from Russia. The Dniester 
river flows along her east boundary. 

BULGARIA 

Three names in history that will forever be linked together — Germany, 
Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria. Turkey will be forgotten. This kingdom, Bul- 
garia, appears on the new map about the same size as the present Austria or 
the present Hungary. 

Area about 35,000 sq. miles; population estimated 4,500,000. 

Bound Bulgaria — Bulgaria is bounded on the north by Rumania and Danube 
river; east by the Black sea; south by the new Greece; west, Jugo-Slavia. 

Territory lost by Bulgaria as a result of the world war: (l) She lost some 
territory in the west to Jugo-Slavia, in the south she lost still more to Greece 
in order to straighten Greece's northern boundary. The capital of Bulgaria is 
Sofia. 

GREECE 

Greece, the sixth country whose government was ousted in the course of 
the World war. When King Constantine in 1915 refused to aid Serbia the nations 
of the world wondered why. But soon they remembered that Constantine was 
married to a sister of the Kaiser. The inhabitants of Greece headed by Venizelos 
and representatives of the Allies forced the abdication of King Constantine in 
favor of his second son, Prince Alexander. June 12, 1917, with Venizelos as 
Premier, Greece became a belligerent on the side of the Allies. Greece was suc- 
cessful at the Peace table, she gained territory on the northwest, northeast and 
east, taking from Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia. 

Area (estimated), 75,000 sq. miles; population (estimated), 7,000,000. 

Historical Note — King Constantine has returned to Greece after the death 
of his son Alexander. 

Bound Greece — Greece is bounded on the north by Jugo-Slavia and Bulgaria; 
on east by Black sea and Turkey; south by Mediterranean sea; on the west by 
Mediterranean sea. 

RUSSIA 

By the new map of Europe the northern, eastern and southern boundary of 
Russia in Europe have not been changed except in the southwest, referring to the 
territory ceded to Rumania. On her western boundary Russia looks like a man 
with his face crushed in. North of the Gulf of Finland is the new Finland, a 
republic the size of Sweden. South of the Gulf of Finland are found three new 
countries — Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania. 

Bound Russia — Russia is bounded on the north by Arctic ocean; east by Asia 
and Caspian sea; south by Asia, Black sea; west by Norway, Finland, Baltic 
sea, Poland and Rumania. 

NORWAY AND SWEDEN 

| Remained neutral throughout the World war, boundaries remain the same. 

Bound Norway — Norway is bounded on the north by Arctic ocean, east by- 
Russia, Finland and Sweden; south by Skagerrack; west by Atlantic ocean. 

Bound Sweden — Sweden is bounded on the north by Norway and Finland; 
east by Finland and Gulf of Bothnia; south by Baltic sea; west by Skagerrack 
and Norway. 

POLAND 

Poland is free. It is a republic. Germany cedes to Poland the greater part 
of Upper Silesia, Posen and the province of West Prussia on the left bank of 
and Vistula. Danzig, at the mouth of the Vistula on the Baltic, and the district 
immediately about it is to be constituted into the "free oity of Danzig," under 
the guarantee of the League of Nations. This insures to Poland the free use 



of all the city waterways, docks and other facilities, the control and administra- 
tion of the Vistula river, and the whole railway system within the city, and the 
postal, telegraph and telephone communications between Poland and Danzig. 

In review we have the territory now comprising the New Poland. 1. Con- 
gress Poland that formerly belonged to Russia of which Warsaw is nearly in 
the center. 2. To the west of this old Duchy of Poland (sometimes so called) 
is a part of West Prussia and part of Silesia ceded by Germany to Poland. The 
two largest towns are Posen and Bromberg. 3. To the south and east we have 
Galicia which was taken from Austria-Hungary of which Lemberg is in the 
center and the largest city. 4. In the east by the recent treaty with Soviet 
Russia is a large strip of territory extending north and south of which Brest 
Litovsk and Pinsk are the largest towns which are in the center of this strip 
of territory. The eastern boundary does no extend quite to Minsk. 5. Upper 
Silesia plebiscite (soon) between Germand and Poland. 6". Vilna plebiscite as 
between Poland and Lithuania. T. Memel, on the Baltic, north of East Prus- 
sia (which has voted to remain German), has been ceded by Germany to the 
Allied powers. 8. The Free City of Danzig near the mouth of .the Vistula river 
under guarantee of the League of Nations. 

Bound Poland — Poland is bounded on the north by Baltic sea and East 
Prussia; on the east by Russia; south by Czecho-Slovakia; west by Germany. 

FINLAND 

Finland declared its independence of Russia after the fall of the Czar. It 
was known as the White Finnish government. When about to fall it called in 
the Germans. Germany then completely dominated Finland and the Emperor 
of Germany was about to place a German king on the throne of Finland when 
the Central Powers collapsed. The United States recognized the Finnish Re- 
public about May 1, 1919 and Great Britain a few days before that date. 

Locate the Aland islands. 

Bound Finland — Finland is bounded on the north by Norway, east by Russia 
and south by Gulf of Finland, west by Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden. 

JUGO-SLAVIA 

Here we have a new nation two-thirds as large as the New Germany and 
about the same in area as the New Poland. It has at present a monarchial form 
of government. 

This kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed after the armis- 
tice under the regency of Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia. 

The territory comprising the new country was formed from the following: 
(1) The former kingdom of Serbia; (2) The former kingdom of Montenegro; 
(3) Bosnia and Herzegovina from Austria-Hungarian Empire; (4) Croatia, 
Slavonia and part of Banat from Hungary; (5) Parts of Carnolia, Styria, Carin- 
thia and Istria from Austria; (6) Dalmatia with the exception of Zara and the 
island of Lagosta from Austria; (7) Some territory on the east from Bulgaria; 
(8) Fiume made a Free State. 

Area, 101,000 sq. miles; population estimated over 14,000,000. 

Bound Jugo-Slavia — Bounded on the north and east by Austria, Hungary, 
Rumania and Bulgaria, on the south by Greece and Albania, and on the south 
and west by Adriatic sea and Italy. 

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 

Another new country founded since the World war ceased. It is a republic. 
Ic has for a President Dr. Tomas G. Masaryk, a noted statesman. His first 
message as President of the new republic was issued December 22, 1918. 

This republic was formed by the Peace Terms, as follows: (1) Bohemia, 
Moravia and part of Silesia from Austria to Czecho-Slovakia. (2) Part of Upper 
Silesia from Germany to Czecho-Slovakia. (3) .Part of Upper Silesia subject to 
plebiscite as between Germany, Poland and Czecho-Slovakia. (4) Part of 
Austria to Czecho-Slovakia. (5) Slovakia part of Hungary to Czecho-Slovakia. 
(6) Carpathian Russia, part of Hungary to Czecho-Slovakia. (7) Teschen 
divided between Poland and Czecho-Slovakia. (8) Orawa and Spisz divided 
between Poland and Czecho-Slovakia. 

Area, 56,316 sq. miles; population estimated, 14,000,000. 

Bound Czecho-Slovakia— On the north by the New Germany and the New 
Poland, on the east by Rumania, on the south by Rumania, Austria and Hungary, 
on the west by Germany. The area of this country is about half the size of 
Jugo-Slavia. 




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Historical Note — The Czecho (Cheks) are the most westerly branch of the 
great Slavic family of nations. In the latter part of the 5th century A. D., the 
Czechs migrated from their lands in Carpathia, on the upper Vistula, to the 
country known as Bohemia. Independence Day with them is October 28. Their 
most noted reformer was John Huss, who was burned at the stake in 1415 A. D. 

CONDITIONS OF BULGARIAN TREATY 

By the conditions of the treaty which was signed at the Neuilly Town Hall, 
Paris, Bulgaria is called upon to surrender all works of art and valuables taken 
from Allied countries during the war and to pay an indemnity of approximately 
$45,000,000. Bulgaria is deprived of Thrace, and also loses Strumitza, a small 
triangular section of territory, the latter being assigned to Serbia. Proposals 
which would give Bulgaria a corridor through Thrace to the Agean are left 
to the future disposition of the Allied governments. The boundary between 
Rumania and Bulgaria is changed only in minor details. 

Compulsory military service in Bulgaria is abolished by the treaty terms, 
the Bulgarian army being limited to 20,000 men, with a gendarmerie, or police 
force, not exceeding 10,000. All arms and ammunition exceeding the amounts 
laid down by the treaty shall be turned over to the Allies. A commission com- 
posed of Allied representatives is given power to punish crimes committed by 
Bulgarians during the war, and also deal with the repatriation of prisoners. 
"We have waited twelve hundred years for this day," said a member of the 
Greek cabinet. 

THE CEDED TERRITORY 

The posen district was annexed to Prussia in 1772 at the first partition of 
Poland. Its principal cities are Posen, with about 150,000 inhabitatns and 
Bromberg. 

The Prussian province of Posen has a Polish majority in its population. The 
total population given in the last census was 2,099,000. 

West Prussia goes to Poland by the peace treaty. There are nearly one 
million Germans living in this province. But it must be borne in mind, however, 
that Poland held most of West Prussia from 1446 to the first partition of 
Poland in 1772, when it was annexed to Prussia with the exception of Danzig 
and Thorn, which remained Polish until 1793. 

In the portion of Silesia which becomes Polish the population consist of 
more Poles than any other race. There are more than 1,000,000 Poles in Silesia, 
which represent about one-fourth of the total population. The part of Silesia 
which goes to Poland is rich in coal and zinc. This is to be decided by plebiscite 
however in the near future. (See note on page 15). 

The total population of Alsace-Lorraine by the latest census (estimated) 
was about 2,000,000. 

The inhabitants of the Saar Basin are predominantly Germans. The Peace 
Treaty arranges for a commission appointed by the League of Nations. At the 
end of fifteen years the inhabitants take a vote on whether they go French or 
German. In case they vote to be annexed to Germany, then Germany will have 
to buy back the coal mines ceded to France by the Peace Treaty. 

Eastern Galicia, formerly Austrian Poland, has a population of nearly 
8,000,000, many of them Poles. There are 3,500,000 Ruthenians in Galicia. Lem- 
berg is the largest city Eastern Galicia is under Polish administration pending 
plebiscite in 1944. 

In securing the annexation of the Trentino region, Gorzia and the Istrian 
peninsula, together with the seaport of Trieste, Italy secures control of the Gulf 
of Venice and the northern Adriatic. 

As a result of the war Rumania has acquired the former Russian province — 
Bessarabia. Its population, according to the last census, is about 2,700,000. About 
one-half are Moldavians. The other inhabitants are : Little Russians, Jews, 
Bulgarians, Germans, Gypsies, Greeks, Armenians, Albanians and Tartars. 
Rumania also retains the Dobrudja, which is predominantly Bulgarian. Rumania 
also gets Bukowina in the north. 

The total population of Transylvania is about 2,500,000; 1,400,000 Rumanians, 
850,000 Hungarians and 250,000 Saxons (Germans). Other inhabitants are Jews, 
Armenians, Bulgarians, Ruthenians and Greeks. The Magyars are mostly 
Roman Catholics; the Germans, Protestants, and the Rumanians, Greek Church. 
This also goes to Rumania. 

10 



The new republic — Czecho-Slovakia — is practically identical with Bohemia 
and Moravia, formerly parts of Austria-Hungary. The Czechs of Bohemia and 
the Slovaks of Moravia, hence the name "Czecho-Slovakia." The population of 
Bohemia is in excess of 6,700,000, about 70 per cent. Czechs and 30 per cent. Ger- 
mans. The population of Moravia is in excess of 2,600,000; of which 75 per cent, 
or Slovaks and 25 per cent. Germans. The Germans are found mostly in the 
north and west and in the large towns, such as Prague, the capitol of the new 
republic. In Moravia the Germans are found largely in the borderlands and 
principal cities, such as Olmutz and Brunn. This new republic also takes in 
Carpathian Russia which forms a part of its eastern territory. 

The Banat of Temesvar, a southeastern district of Hungary, and now a part 
of the new state of Jugo-Slavia and Rumania, contains a population of nearly 
1,500,000, of whom 575,000 are Rumanian, 350,000 Germans, 250,000 Serbs and 
nearly 200,000 Hungarians. 

The northeastern part of East Prussia including the port of Memel which 
is to be ceded by German}' to the League of Nations pending final settlement 
of its status is predominantly German. Of the total population of East Prussia 
(2,000,000), one-third are Poles and Lithuanians, the rest of the population are 
almost entirely Germans. This territory is to be determined by vote of the 
inhabitants, however. Later — East Prussia has voted to remain a part of 
Germany. 

Eupen and Malmedy, whose inhabitants are entitled to protest or vote 
within six months against annexation to Belgium, has been held by Prussia for 
100 years. Their population is about 25,000. Moresnet, which goes definitely 
to Belgium, has been neutral territory since 1815, or since the Congress of 
Vienna. Later — Eupen and Malmedy have voted to accept annexation to 
Belgium. 

As to the Schleswig-Holstein boundary, final settlement lies with its inhabi- 
tants. The total population of the two duchies is nearly 2,000,000, however. 
Later — Northern Schleswig has voted to be returned to Denmark. Holstein has 
voted to become a part of Germany. 

Little Serbia, where the shot was fired that caused the World war, has be- 
come a part of the Jugo-Slavia nation. 

GERMANS FLY NEW BANNER OF THE REPUBLIC 

The black, red and gold flag of the new German Republic floated for the first 
time over the National Assembly at Weimar August 1, 1919, the fifth anniver- 
sary of Germany's first declaration of war. 

The constitution of the new regime, was adopted and provides the basis of 
a genuine democracy, with men and women voting alike. 

Workers' and employers' councils are a feature. The processes for free 
economic development are outlined, to be elaborated further, with respect to 
financial and taxation questions, at the next session of the assembly. 

The Germans are "no longer a nation of subjects, but are free democrats." 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

1. Name the countries not effected by the Peace Treaty. 

1. Governments remain as they were, except for changes in personnel, in the 
following countries: Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Japan, Rumania, 
Spain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Holland and Switzerland. 

2. Name two heads of government that died natural deaths during the war. 

2. Franz Josef, Emperor of Austro-Hungary, and King Carol of Rumania. 
President Pae of Portugal was assassinated. 

3. What may be said of Czar Nicholas of Russia? 

3. There is the strongest of evidence that he has been executed by the 
Bolsheviki. 

4. Name the six countries that the governments have been overthrown as a 
result of the war. 

4. Germany, Austro-Hungary, Russia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece. 

5. What may be said of three of these? 

5. Three have changed from a monarchial to a non-monarchial regime — 
namely: Germany, Austro-Hungary and Russia. 

II 



6. What about the other three? 

6. Bulgaria and Greece have remained kingdoms, and the Sultan of Turkey 
retains the same suzerainty which he held before the war. 

7. In what countries have there been sweeping governmental changes? 

7. Montenegro, Portugal, China, Luxemburg and Serbia. 

8. What may be stated about the above five countries? 

8. Portugal and China remain republics, and Luxemburg and Serbia remain 
monarchies. 

9. What may be stated about the fifth? 

9. Montenegro disappears as an independent nation. 
10. How has Serbia been benefitted? 

10. Serbia becomes a part of the new "Kingdom of the Serbs, Croates and 
Slovenes." 

Note — The official name is "Jugo-Slavia." 

11. Name the five new countries created by the war? 

11. Czecho-Slovakia, Jugo-Slavia, Poland, Finland, Hedjaz, and several others. 

12. What may be stated about these five new countries? 

12. Three are republics — Czec'ho-Slovakia, Poland and Finland. Two are 
monarchies — Jugo-Slavia and Hedjaz. 

13. When did Germany change her government? 

13. November 17, 1918 Germany adopted a republican form of government of 
socialistic complexion. 

14. What became of the vast German colonies? 

14. They have passed under the mandate of the British Empire, Australia, New 
Zealand and the Union of South America and Japan. 

15. Who was elected President of the German Republic? 

15. Frederick W. Ebert. He took over the power from Prince Max of Baden, 
the last Imperial Chancellor under the German Empire. 

16. What city was chosen as the capital of the League of Nations? 

16. Geneva, Switzerland. 

17. What does the Peace Treaty state in regard to the future building of forts 
and fortifications by Germany? 

17. The fortifications, military establishments and harbors of the islands of 
Helgoland and Dune are to be destroyed under the supervision of the 
Allies by German labor, and at Germany's expense. They may not be re- 
constructed, or any similar fortifications built in the future. 

18. What becomes of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty? 

18. The treaty goes on to state Germany agrees to respect as permanent and 
inalienable the independence of all territories which were part of the for- 
mer Russian Empire, to accept the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk and 
other treaties entered into with the Maximalist government of Russia, to 
recognize the full force of all treaties entered into by the Allied and Asso- 
ciated powers with states which were a part of the former Russian Empire, 
and to recognize the frontiers as determined thereon. The Allied and 
Associated powers formally reserve the right of Russia to obtain restitution 
and reparation of the principles of the present treaty. 

19. What does the Peace Treaty state about the new boundaries of Germany? 
19. The new boundaries of Germany, Germany cedes to France Alsace-Lorraine, 

five thousand six hundred square miles to the southwest, and to Belgium 
two small districts between Luxemburg and Holland, totaling three hun- 
dred and eighty-two square miles. She also cedes to Poland the south- 
western tip of Silesia beyond and including Oppeln, most of Posen, and 
West Prussia, twenty-seven thousand six hundred and eighty-six square 
miles, East Prussia being isolated from the main body by a part of Poland. 
She loses sovereignty over the northeastern-most tip of east of Prussia, 
forty square miles north of the river Memel, and the internationalized areas 
about Danzig, seven hundred and twenty-nine square miles, and the basin 
of the Saar, seven hundred and thirty-eight square miles, between the 
western border of the Rhenish Palatinate of Bavaria and the southeast 
corner of Luxemburg. The Danzig area consists of the V between the 
Nogat and Vistula rivers made by A W the addition of a similar V on the 
west, including the city of Danzig. The southeastern third of East Prussia 
and the area between East Prussia and the Vistula north of latitude fifty- 
three degrees, three minutes, is to have its nationality determined by popu- 

12 



lar vote, five thousand seven hundred and eighty-five square miles, as is to 
be the case in part of Schleswig two thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
seven square miles. 

20. What does the Peace Treaty state about Germany's rights outside of 
Europe? 

20. German rights outside Europe — Outside Europe Germany renounces all 
rights, titles and privileges as to her own or her allies' territories to all the 
Allied and Associated powers, and undertakes to accept whatever measures 
are taken by the five Allied powers in relation thereto. Colonies and Over- 
seas Possessions — Germany renounces in favor of the Allied and Associated 
powers her overseas possessions with all rights and titles therein. All mov- 
able and immovable property belonging to the German Empire or to any 
German state shall pass to the government exercising therein. These gov- 
ernments may make whatever provisions seem suitable for the repatiration 
of German nationals and as to conditions on which German subjects of 
European origin shall reside, hold property or carry on business. 

LEAGUE OF NATIONS 

The League of Nations membership now comprises forty-nine nations rep- 
resenting, it is estimated, 1,260,000,000 people, or three-fourths of the world's 
population of 1,605,000,000. Eleven additional states with a total population of 
44,000,000 have formally applied for admission, while it is known that Germany 
with its 60,000,000 people wants to join as soon as she is given a chance. This 
leaves about 30,000,000 of the world's inhabitants outside the league. 

The league began its life when the council met for the first time in Paris 
at the summons of President Wilson on January 16, 1920, with twenty-three 
members. By the time the first meeting of the Assembly was held a few months 
ago, the membership had increased to forty-one. Eight have since been added. 

At the time of its birth the league had no quarters of its own but it is. now 
installed in its permanent seat at Geneva where an old hotel has been trans- 
formed into the Palace of Nations. The General Secretariat, under Sir Eric 
Drummond, has a staff of more than 300. 

There have been eleven meetings of the council of the league and most of 
the subsidiary or semi-independent bodies contemplated by the covenant have 
been brought into existence. These include the International Court of Justice, 
the first institution of its kind in the world's history; machinery for the regis- 
tration of international treaties; commissions to deal with disarmament, man- 
dates, economic blockade measures, public health, international statistics and 
the International Labor Office. 

Friends of the league point to its intercession in the Polish-Lithuanian and 
Swedish-Finnish disputes, the latter over the Aland Islands, as among its achieve- 
ments, although both cases await final settlement. They also enumerate as 
standing to the league's credit the repatriation of more than 200,000 war pris- 
oners and a campaign against typhus in Poland. They say it has furnished a 
government for the Saar district, formerly German, and that it has helped 
Danzig to assume its position as a free city under the league's special protection. 

HISTORICAL NOTES 

As a result of the World war what treaties have been made, with what 
countries, and where, and when, were they signed? (We refer to treaties signed 
with the Allies and the defeated countries). The treaties that have been made 
as a result of the World war are : "The treaty of Versailles with Germany," 
"The treaty of St. Germain with Austria-Hungary," "The treaty of Neuilly with 
Bulgaria," "The treaty of Sevres with Turkey." 

Now as to time and place, (a) The treaty of peace with Germany was 
signed June 28, 1919 at Versailles, France, just out of Paris. In the same room, 
in 1783, the English signed a treaty which concluded the Revolutionary war, 
recognizing the independence of the United States. 

(b) The treaty with Austria-Hungary was signed Sept. 10, 1919, in the 
Stone Age Room of the Chateau at St. Germain — in Laye, a suburb of Paris. 

(c) The treaty of Neuilly was signed, November 27, 1919, with Bulgaria. 

13 



(d) The treaty of Sevres (not yet ratified by the Turks, Feb. 15, 1921), prac- 
tically drives Turkey from Europe. The Dardanelles, the Bosphorus and the 
shores of the Sea of Marmora become "The Zone of the Straits." 

A new nation that has emerged from the war, Hedjaz, was carved out of the 
defunct Turkish Empire. It is part of Arabia and is now ruled over by Hussein 
I., who as Grand Shereef of Mecca, revolted against his Turkish overlords. 



WHAT CHANGES IN WESTERN EUROPE? 

1. Why was the Congress of Vienna called in 1814-15? 

1. To dispose of the territories formerly occupied by Napoleon's armies. 

2. How long has Europe been governed by the decisions reached by this 
Congress ? 

2. More than one hundred years. 

3. How long a time lapsed from the battle of Waterloo to the invasion of 
Belgium by the Kaiser's armies? 

3. One hundred years. 

4. How does the settlement of Western Europe (1919-1920) compare with that 
of 1814 1815? 

4. We have today a united Italy; we have Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg 
separate countries. According to the settlement of the Congress of Vienna 
Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg were joined under one crown, Holland. 

5. What other country in Europe was given to a sister state by the Congress 
of Vienna? 

5. Sweden got Norway. 

6. Name the countries in Europe not effected by the settlement in 1919-1920. 

6. There has been no change whatever in Great Britain^ Spain, Switzerland, 
and Portugal. As between Belgium and France no change; as between 
Holland and Germany, Italy and Switzerland no change. 

7. What change between Belgium and Germany? 

7. About 400 square miles of territory east of Liege, constituting the districts 
of Malmedy, Eupen and Moresnet. 

8. What district in Germany does the 1919-1920 settlement create? 

8. The Saar district or Saar valley. 

9. How are the inhabitants of this district affected? 

9. The treaty of Versailles states that at the end of fifteen years the inhabi- 
tants of this Saar basin shall vote for French, German or independent status. 
10. How many square miles and how many inhabitants in the Saar valley 
district? 

10. About three-quarters of a million people and less than 1,000 square miles of 
territory. 

11. Then what must our conclusion be in regard to these two congresses? 

11. First, That the Congress of Vienna has stood as far as the territorial de- 
cisions are concerned for more than 100 years. 

Second, That the sole change due to the late war in western Europe do not 
exceed four hundred square miles of territory, with the possible increase fif- 
teen years hence of 1,000 square miles more, if the inhabitants of the Saar 
valley vote to join France. 

12. What may be said of Norway and Sweden? 

12. They have separated. The Congress of Vienna gave Finland to Russia and 
it was for this reason that this Congress gave Norway to Sweden, but their 
frontiers today remain the same. 

13. How was Denmark effected by the Austro-Prussian war? 

13. Denmark lost Schleswig-Holstein. 

14. How did the 1919-1920 settle this? 

14. Two districts were created. At the north — Schleswig — at the south Holstein. 
The northern district in Schleswig has voted to return to Denmark — the 
southern, to Germany. 

15. Then what is our conclusion in the west? 

15. That the conquerors of Napoleon's work in western Europe remains about 
the same. ") 

14 



WHAT CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE WAR IN EASTERN AND 
SOUTHERN EUROPE? 

1. In eastern and southern Europe — how do the frontiers of 1920 compare with 
those of 1815? 

1. Three great empires have fallen, the Russian, Austrian and Turkish. 

2. What may be said of Poland? 

2. At the expense of the German and Austrian kingdoms Poland has been 
restored. 

3. What did the wars of the nineteenth century give Italy? 

3. Venetia and Lombardy. 

4. How was Italy benefitted by the 1919-1920 settlement? 

4. The Italian nation was given back boundaries that they lost in the past — 
they got the Alps from Switzerland to the Quanaro. 

5. What may be said of the boundaries of Poland? 

5. The 1919-1920 settlement gave Poland the same boundaries held before con- 
quered by Frederick the Great. Posen, West Prussia, in larger part, and 
some of East Prussia with Danzig made a Free City depending upon the 
League of Nations. 

6. In what way is a part of this territory to be settled? 

6. By plebiscite. Two of the districts have already voted and voted to be 
returned to Germany. 

7. Of what does the third comprise? 

7. Upper Silesia. Has still to decide. (See note on next page). 

8. What if Upper Silesia votes to remain with Germany? 

8. Germany will still hold her eastern frontier intact, or the frontiers of 1772. 

RUSSIA'S FRONTIERS 

1. What may be said as to Austrian Poland? 

1. All of Western Galicia returned to Warsaw as did Eastern Galicia. 

2. Hence how did Poland fare in the 1919-1920 settlement? 

2. Poland received back the territories that were stolen from her by the 
Hohenzollerns, and the Hapsburgs in the 18th century. 

3. Did the 1919-1920 settlement settle the disputed territory of western Russia? 

3. It did not — the actual settlement has been by the sword and is set forth 
in the terms of the Riga settlement which goes to Poland; not the frontiers 
of 1772 but those of 1793. 

4. What may be said of the Russian territory aside from Poland? 

4. The separate Baltic races, have arrived at a settlement with Russian — 
Finland is free, as is Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. 

5. Whose work is undone in this settlement? 

5. Peter the Great so far as the Baltic shore is concerned. 

6. How do the frontiers of Russia today compare with the past? 

6. They recall those of the seventeenth century. 

7. What territory has Rumania taken from Russia? 

7. They have annexed Bessarabia which passed to Russia in 1812. 

8. Name the two countries mostly effected by the World war. 

8. Turkey and Austro-Hungary. 

9. What new states are created out of Austro-Hungary territory? 

9. There remains a mutilated Austria containing the German fraction. The 
Czecho-Slovakia republic is born. The Kingdom of the JuEfo-Slavia is 
created gathering in not only all the southern Slavs of the Hapsburghs, 
but also the Serbs of Serbia and Montenegro. 
10. How does Turkey in Europe fare? 

10. Greece completes the absorption of all the Thracian districts which takes 
her to the very walls of Constantinople, thus regaining what she lost 
hundreds of years ago. 

11. Who occupies Constantinople today? 
11. Allies' troops and Allies' warships. 

15 



12. What may be said of the Treaty of Versailles and the Riga document? 

12. The small states are restored and escape the tyranny of the larger nations 
who would swallow them up. 

13. What conclusion then must we draw as to Germany's condition territorially? 
13. She has suffered the loss only of what she at some time in the past stole 

from a weaker nation. But east and south of Germany the change has 
been greater. 

"THE EASTERN QUESTION" 

1. What has become of the "Eastern Question?" 

1. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, the Eastern question has disappeared. 

2. What two questions have taken its place? 

2. The Adratiic question and the Baltic question. 

3. What may be said of the first? 

3. The Adriatic question lies between the Italian and the southern Slavs. 
This has been settled by the Treaty of Rapallo.) 

4. What of the Baltic? 

4. The Baltic question has been revived. Russia has retired from the Baltic 
save about the Gulf of Finland. 

5. But what of the future? 

5. Will the great Bear state of the future permanently consent to be separated 
from the Baltic sea? 

6. Could Lithuania, Esthonia and Latvia if united and were backed by Sweden, 
Germany and Great Britain control the Baltic? 

6. We hardly think so. Time and the League of Nations may pave the way 
to a permanent settlement. 

7. Which is the strongest military nation in Europe today? 

7. France is the strongest. 

8. Can she and will she protect the small states which have been created 
as a result of the Treaty of Versailles? 

8. Time and a League of Nations is the answer. 

9. In concluding this summary of the result of the settlement of 1919-1920 
what have we? 

9. Italy will seek to control the Adriatic, Germany will seek to exclude the 
Poles from the Baltic and regain Posen and West Prussia, Russia will in the 
near future strike for the Baltic to regain what she has lost there. 

The Rapallo Settlement. The Rapallo Conference settled the Adriatic 
question between Italy and the Jungo-Slavs. Now as to the settlement : Fiume 
is made a free city independent of Italy or Jugo-Slavia. Italy acquires outright 
territory north of Fiume — the crest of the Julian Alph — and in acquiring this 
frontier annexes some 750,000 Slavs and Germans. Jugo-Slavia acquires all of 
Dalmatia save Zara and several small islands off Dalmatia. 

Upper Silesia — The plebiscite in Upper Silesia was held March 20, 1921. While 
the Germans seemed to have carried the day, it is possible that the territory will 
be divided between the two countries, — Poland and Germany. This territory 
covers about 5,000 sq. miles; is about 85 miles from north to south, and 55 miles 
from east to west. It is rich in coal, zinc and iron. 



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